Insulin resistance / metabolic dysfunction

What people research this for

People looking into insulin resistance usually want steadier blood sugar and a lower risk of diabetes. This area includes prescription medicines with large trials behind them, plus one peptide that has only been tested in the lab and in animals.

Researched for

• Blood sugar control
• Insulin sensitivity
• Weight and metabolism

Peptides studied

Each peptide below has been studied in this area. The label shows how far that research has gone.

• Semaglutide

  Tested in clinical trials

  Randomized trial in people · 2 studies

  Study note. GLP-1 receptor agonist with RCT data for glycemic and weight endpoints in approved indications.

  1. OZEMPIC (semaglutide) injection, for subcutaneous use - Prescribing Information (opens in a new tab)

     Novo Nordisk · FDA Drug Label · 2017 · FDA label

  2. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1) (opens in a new tab)

     Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S · N Engl J Med · 2021 · PubMed

• Tirzepatide

  Tested in clinical trials

  Randomized trial in people · 2 studies

  Study note. Dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist studied in SURPASS/SURMOUNT trials for metabolic endpoints.

  1. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. (opens in a new tab)

     Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J · N Engl J Med · 2021 · PubMed

  2. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-1) (opens in a new tab)

     Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN · N Engl J Med · 2022 · PubMed

• MOTS-C

  Early lab and animal research

  Animal study · 2 studies

  Study note. MOTS-c mitochondrial peptide papers show metabolic homeostasis and insulin-sensitivity effects in experimental models.

  1. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. (opens in a new tab)

     Lee C, Zeng J, Drew BG · Cell metabolism · 2015 · PubMed

  2. MOTS-c: A novel mitochondrial-derived peptide regulating muscle and fat metabolism. (opens in a new tab)

     Lee C, Kim KH, Cohen P · Free radical biology & medicine · 2016 · PubMed

• Liraglutide

  Tested in clinical trials

  Randomized trial in people · 2 studies

  Study note. Liraglutide 3.0 mg has RCT evidence for weight and glycemic endpoints in overweight/obesity with type 2 diabetes.

  1. Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide 3.0 mg in Individuals With Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Basal Insulin: The SCALE Insulin Randomized Controlled Trial (opens in a new tab)

     Garvey WT, Birkenfeld AL, Dicker D · Diabetes care · 2020 · PubMed

  2. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management (SCALE) (opens in a new tab)

     Pi-Sunyer X, Astrup A, Fujioka K · N Engl J Med · 2015 · PubMed

Related research

• Obesity / weight management

  Weight, metabolism and hormones · 4 peptides

• NASH / MASLD (fatty liver)

  Weight, metabolism and hormones · 2 peptides

• HIV-associated lipodystrophy / visceral fat

  Weight, metabolism and hormones · 1 peptide

• Male hypogonadism / low testosterone

  Weight, metabolism and hormones · 3 peptides

• PCOS / ovarian metabolic

  Weight, metabolism and hormones · 2 peptides

• Mitochondrial dysfunction / cellular energy

  Energy, aging and sexual health · 3 peptides

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