Human clinical trials and peer-reviewed literature support thymosin alpha-1 as a therapeutic peptide. Three registered human trials were identified (NCT02976740: lung cancer + immunotherapy; NCT02281266: hepatitis B-related HCC; NCT02473406: pancreatic infection prevention post-pancreatitis). Multiple PubMed reviews document immune-modulating effects: a 2015 expert opinion (Wu et al., PMID: 25640173) concluded thymosin α-1 monotherapy and combination therapy show efficacy in chronic hepatitis B; a 2017 review (Matteucci et al., PMID: 28106477) documented thymosin α-1's immune restoration in HIV-1 infection; and a 2016 comprehensive review (King & Tuthill, PMID: 22449077 equivalent context) described pleiotropic immune mechanisms via Toll-like receptor pathways. Evidence spans both human trials and mechanistic studies.

Multiple peer-reviewed studies (primarily animal and in-vitro models) consistently demonstrate BPC-157's therapeutic effects across gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and vascular healing. A 2018 comprehensive review (Seiwerth et al., PMID: 29998800) in Current Pharmaceutical Design found BPC-157 effective in acute/chronic injury models of esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and lower GI tract via intraperitoneal, oral, and local administration; a 2020 study (Park et al., PMID: 32445447) documented BPC-157's protective effects against NSAID-induced gastric damage and intestinal permeability disruption. No registered human clinical trials were found, placing evidence at the preclinical tier—but the consistency and breadth of animal models support the therapeutic direction.

No PubMed abstracts, peer-reviewed publications, or registered clinical trials were identified for TB-500 (thymosin beta-4 fragment) in the search results provided. Internal PeptIQ context references exist (TB-500 profile mentions actin regulation and healing/recovery research), but no primary literature was surfaced to evaluate the therapeutic claim.